Single-word categories (parts of speech)
noun
represents a person, place, thing, or idea
represents a person, place, thing, or idea
pronoun
stands in for a noun
personal (I, you, he/she/it; we, you, they)
stands in for a noun
personal (I, you, he/she/it; we, you, they)
relative
(who, whom, which, that)
demonstrative
(this, that, these, those)
article
points out a noun: the
points out a noun: the
adjective
describes a noun (or pronoun)
which one, what kind, how many?
describes a noun (or pronoun)
which one, what kind, how many?
adverb
describes a verb (or an adjective, or another adverb)
when, where,
how, why?
participle
describes like an adjective or adverb, usually with -ing
a believing one (which one) | he walks, believing (how)
describes like an adjective or adverb, usually with -ing
a believing one (which one) | he walks, believing (how)
preposition
relates an object with another word in a sentence
at, by, for, from, in, into, on, to, with
relates an object with another word in a sentence
at, by, for, from, in, into, on, to, with
conjunction
connects words or groups of words
coordinating: and, but, or, not, yet, for, so
subordinating: while, because
connects words or groups of words
coordinating: and, but, or, not, yet, for, so
subordinating: while, because
particle
the leftovers
Single-word
functions
subject (nominative case)
verb (main verb or clause verb)
direct object: upon what the action is done
indirect object: to (or for) whom an action is done
noun (appositive: side-by-side; predicate nominative: to right of be/become)
adjective
adverb
conjunction
starts a clause
starts a phrase
object of a preposition (what completes a preposition’s meaning)
verb (main verb or clause verb)
direct object: upon what the action is done
indirect object: to (or for) whom an action is done
noun (appositive: side-by-side; predicate nominative: to right of be/become)
adjective
adverb
conjunction
starts a clause
starts a phrase
object of a preposition (what completes a preposition’s meaning)
Word-group
categories (grammatical constructions)
clause: includes a verb
independent: can stand by itself
dependent: cannot stand by itself
relative: starts with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that)
subordinate: starts with a subordinating word (conjunction or adverb) for example: for, that, so that, as
purpose: that [purpose]… ἵνα, one of the top 3
purpose: that [purpose]… ἵνα, one of the top 3
reason: for [reason] ὅτι, one of the top 3
result: so that [result]… ὥστε, occurs often
adverbial: as… ὡς, one of the top 3
infinitive: starts with an infinitive may have an accusative subject (plus an object too)
phrase: does not have a verb
prepositional: starts with a preposition; object completes it; maybe descriptive words too
participial: participle, plus its direct object (before or after)
Word-group
function
adjectival?
describes: a noun or pronoun, or something functioning as a noun
answers: which one, what kind, how many?
hint: relative clauses are usually adjectival
describes: a noun or pronoun, or something functioning as a noun
answers: which one, what kind, how many?
hint: relative clauses are usually adjectival
adverbial?
describes: a verb, adv, adj, or something functioning as an adv or adj
answers: when, where, how, why?
hint: subordinate clauses are usually adverbial
describes: a verb, adv, adj, or something functioning as an adv or adj
answers: when, where, how, why?
hint: subordinate clauses are usually adverbial
other word-group function?
subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition
subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition
Translation practice
1 Thes 1: 6, 7 (first 7 words), 9 (final 5 words), 10
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1 Thes 1: 6, 7 (first 7 words), 9 (final 5 words), 10
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