Sunday, March 31, 2013

Grammar 3b: Participle Tips

participle: translation tips

The advanced section in Bible GT presents a translation tip alongside each participle.

Here are the translation tips for participles:


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Does an article occur with the participle?

- If an article is present, a participle always functions as an adjective.
- If an article is absent, a participle usually functions as an adverb; check the context (consider what the participle describes).

The time of a participle is relative to the main verb.
- For example, an aorist participle
describes action that occurred some time before the action of the main verb.


Does a "to be" verb occur with the participle?
- If both a "to be" verb plus a participle occur together, understand and translate as a single unit.


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Aorist participle

- Usually action in the past, relative to the main verb

aorist active participle
- adv: after ...g | having ...d

- adj: an after-...g one / who after ...g
- adj: a having ...d one / who having ...d

aorist middle-passive participle
- adv middle: after ...g | having ...d
- adv passive: after being ...d | having been ...d
- adj middle: an after-...g one / who after ...g

- adj middle: a having ...d one / who having ...d
- adj passive:
an after being ...d one / who after being ...d

- adj passive: a having been ...d one / who having been ...d

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Perfect participle
- Usually completed action in the past, relative to the main verb
- With effects happening at the same time as the main verb


perfect active participle
- adv: having ...d | adj: a having-...d one / who has ...d
perfect middle-passive participle
- adv middle: having ...d | passive: having been ...d

- adj middle: a having-...d one / who has ...d
- adj passive: a having-been-...d one / who has been ...d


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Present participle
- Usually action which happens at the same time as the main verb
- And so, as an adverb, it conveys the sense of "while" or "because."

present active participle
- adv: ...g | adj: a ...g one / who ...


present middle-passive participle
- adv middle: ...g | passive: being ...d
- adj middle: a ...g one / who ...
- adj passive: a being-...d one / who being ...d

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Future participle

- Action in the future, relative to the main verb

future active participle
- adv: will be ...g | adj: a will-be-...g one / who will be ...g


future middle-passive participle
- adv middle: will be ...g | passive: will be being ...d
- adj middle: a will-be-...g one / who will be ...g
- adj passive: a will-be-being-...d one / who will be being ...d


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